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限定詞（一〕
限定詞（DETERMINER〕是在名詞詞組中對名詞中心詞起特指（SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、類指（GENERIC REFERENCE〕以及表示確定數量（DEFINITE QUANTITY〕和非確定數量（INDEFINITE QUANTITY〕等限定作用的詞類。名詞詞組除有詞匯意義外，還有其所指意義（REFERENTIAL MEANING〕，是特指（即指特寫的對象〕，還是類指（即泛指一類人或物〕；是有確定的數量，還是沒有確定的數量。能在名詞詞組中表示這種所指意義的詞類就是限定詞。英語的限定詞包括：
定冠詞（DEFINTITE ARTICLE〕，不定冠詞（INDEFINITE ARTICLE〕，零冠詞（ZERO ARTICLE〕
物主限定詞（POSSESSIVE DETERMINER〕，my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its.
名詞屬格（GENITIVE NOUN〕，John's, my friend's.
指示限定詞（DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER〕，this, that, these, those, such.
關系限定詞（RELATIVE DETERRMINER〕，whose, which.
疑問限定詞（INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER〕，what, which, whose.
不定限定詞（INDEFINITE DETERMINER〕，no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another.
基數詞（CARDINAL NUMERAL〕和序數詞（ORDINAL NUMERAL〕
倍數詞（MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERAL〕和分數詞（FRACTIONAL NUMERAL〕
量詞（QUANTIFIER〕a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of等。
限定詞與名詞詞組中心詞之間有著某種固定的搭配關系；如果名詞之前帶有兩個或兩個以上的限定詞，則限定詞與限定詞之間也有某種固定的搭配關系。本講主要解決這兩種搭配關系問題。
1 限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關系
限定詞的選擇決定于隨后的名詞的類別，是單數名詞、復數名詞，還是不可數名詞。
1〕能與三類名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如the, some, any, no, other, whose以及my, your等物主限定詞和名詞屬格（John's, my friend's〕等能與三類名詞搭配。例如：
the book, my book, my friend's book, John's book, any book, some book, no book, the other book, whose book, the books,
my books, my friend's book, John's books, any books, some books, no books, the other books, whose books, the money, my money, my friend's money, John's money, any money,
some money, no money, the other money, whose money.
2〕只能與單數名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a 等只能與單數名詞搭配。例如：
each worker, either book, an apple, another book, such a book, every student, neither sentence, one copy, many a book.
3) 只能與復數名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如both, two, three, another two / three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of等只能與復數名詞搭配。例如：
both workers, several students, a number of essays, many students, (a) few words, these / those books, two / three visitors, another two / three students.
4) 只能與不可數名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much等只能與不可數名詞搭配。例如：
a bit of water, a great amount of labour, a great deal of work, (a) little space, much noise.
5〕能與單、復數名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如the first, the second, the last, the next等既可與單數名詞搭配，也可與復數名詞搭配。例如：
the first rose, the last man, the next meeting, the first roses, the last maen, the next meetings.
6〕能與單數名詞和不可數名詞搭配的限定詞
有些限定詞如this, that, (the) least等能與單數名詞和不可數名詞搭配。例如：
(the) least sign (of prejudice), this / that job, (the) least knowledge, this / that work.
7〕能與復數名詞和不可數名詞搭配的限定詞
還有些限定詞如a lot of, lots of, enough, more, most, such, other等可與復數名詞和不可數名詞搭配。例如：
a lot of books, a lot of money, lots of chickens, lots of food, plenty of chairs, plenty of water, enough copies, enough coal, more articles, more time, most people, most work, such men, such bread, other men, other bread.
不定量限定詞less原先只與不可數名詞搭配，但在現代英語中，less既可與不可數名詞也可與復數名詞搭配。例如：
less money, less mistakes.
2 限定詞與限定詞的搭配關系
以上講的是限定詞與三類名詞的搭配關系。除上述搭配關系外，限定詞與限定詞之間還存在著一定的搭配關系。在名詞詞組中心詞之前如果有兩個或兩個以上限定詞出現時，就會產生限定詞的先后順序問題。按其不同的搭配位置，限定詞可分為：
1〕中位、前位、后位限定詞
按照限定詞與限定詞之間不同搭配位置，限定詞可分為中位限定詞（CENTRAL DETERMINER〕、前位限定詞（PREDETERMINER〕和后位限定詞（POSTDETERMINER〕。
a) 中位限定詞包括a(n), the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc; Merry's, my friend's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose等
b) 前位限定詞包括all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等
c) 后位限定詞包括one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等
2) 三類限定詞的搭配關系
如果一個名詞詞組帶有上述三類限定詞，其搭配關系總是按照"前位－－中位－－后位"的順序排列。例如：
all前the中four后teachers.
all前your中three后books.
all前these中last后few后days.
如果只有上述兩類限定詞，其搭配關系仍按上述順序。例如：
half前his中lecture.
those中last后few后months.
several后hundred后guests.
all前other后students.
such前a中misfortune.
some中such后alloy.
由上述諸例可以看出，中位限定詞之間和前位限定詞之間是互相排拆的，即一個名詞中心詞之前不可并用兩個中位限定詞或兩個前位限定詞。所以，"我的那本書"不是* my that book而是that book of mine，因為my和that同是中位限定詞，不可同時并列。但后位限定詞的使用卻不受此限。除上述those last few months, several hundred guests之外, this last two books, the first two chapters, three other girls, two more sheets, the next few weeks, many more copies, a few more samples, another twenty tons等都是后鎂限定詞重疊使用的實例。
個別限定詞有跨類現象，如such既屬于前位限定詞，又可歸入后位限定詞。由于它只是在such a...和such an...這樣的搭配中屬于前位限定詞，而在與其他限定詞(some, any, no, all, few, another, other, many, one, two, etc)搭配時，such則是后位限定詞，一律放在上述這些限定詞的后面，如some such, any such, nosuch, few such, one such等，因此本書把它歸入后位限定詞。
3 若干限定詞用法比較
前兩節介紹了限定詞與三類名詞以及限定詞與限定詞之間的搭配關系。下面介紹一些限定詞（包括相應的不定代詞〕的某些習慣用法問題。( 本節所講的"不定代詞"多屬于"名詞性替代詞"（NOMINAL SUBSTITUTE〕，參見37.1)
1〕many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
表示"多"的意思，可用many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。但是many, much常用于否定句和疑問句，而a lot of等則常用于肯定句。例如：
I haven't seen many English films. 多數英文電影我沒看過。 many修飾可數名詞
Have you seen many English films? 多數的英文電影你都看過嗎？ many修飾可數名詞
I haven't done much work today. 我還沒有做多少活呢。 much修飾不可數名詞
Have you done much work today? 今天你已經做了很多活嗎？ much修飾不可數名詞
I have seen a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great number of English films. 我已經看了多部英文電影。 number修飾可數名詞
I have done a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great amount of work today. 今天我已經做了很多活。amount修飾不可數名詞
many / much 既可作限定詞，也可作不定代詞（INDEFINITE PRONOUN〕，a lot 也可單獨用作名詞詞組：
Have you done all these exercises?
----No, I haven't done very many.
Have you done much work today?
----Yes, I've done a lot.
當然，以上所講many / much常用于否定句和疑問句并不是絕對的，尤其是在下列場合many / much也常用于肯定句：
a) 用于whether / if引導的賓語分句中。例如：
I doubt whether / if there'll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我懷疑在這個雨天里會有很多人看表演。
I wonder whether / if he has much information on this subject. 我想知道在這個題目上他是否知道很多消息。
b) 用于由"how / too / so / as+many / much (+中心詞)" 構成的名詞詞組中。例如：
He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi. 他身邊帶著太多的箱子，不得不叫計程車。
It's really surprising that the child has so much strengh at his age. 真是很驚奇，在這個年齡的孩子居然這么有力氣。
You can take as many copies as you need. 你可以根據你的需要想拿多少張就拿多少張。
You can use as much oil as you need. 根據你的需要想用多少油就用多少。
I have (far) too many books on the shelf.
We've had too much rain this spring. 這個春天我們已經有太多的雨。
I'd like to know how many copics are needed for the class. 我想要知道在這班需要多少張考貝。
I want to know how much money will be spent on the project. 我想知道將在這個計劃花費多少錢。MUCH修飾不可數名詞MONEY。
c) 用于在句首作主語以及在"存在句"中作實義主語的名詞詞組中。例如：
Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 許多人喜歡去國外渡假。
Much coal has been saved through the use of the new device. 通過用新的裝置，很多煤被節省下來。
There are many girl students in my class. 在我的班級里有許多女學生。
There is much coal left in the mine. 在煤礦有很多的煤剩下。
同樣地，a good / great many也可用于肯定句。例如：
I have read a great many English novels. 我已讀過大量的英語小說。
2) (a) few, (a)little
表示"少"的意思，可用(a) few, (a) little, 既可用作限定詞，也可用作不定代詞。a few, a little表示"少量"，帶有肯定意義。例如：
Let's invite a few friends to come with us. 讓我們來邀請幾個朋友來和我們在一起。
Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的課題上有少量的書。
There are only a very few left. 只有一點點剩下。
I'm keeping the few that remain for tomorrow. 我保住剩下的一點點為明天。
I had a little difficulty in solving the problem. 在解決這個問題上我有一點困難。
Give me a little of that wine. 給我一點那種酒。
I'm trying to use the little French I have just learnt. 我正在試用我剛學的一點法語。
few / little 若不與a 連用則表示－否－定－意義，相當于not many / much, not enough。例如：
I have very few (chocolates) left. 我剩下不多的巧克力。
Few (children) were tired. 很少的學生累了。
I have very little (money) left. 我有為數不多的錢剩下。
I understood little of his speech. 他的演講我懂一點點。
要注意，quite a few, a good few. not a few不表示"少"，而表示"相當多"的含義，相當于, a fair number (of)。例如：
Quite a few of us are getting worried. 我們相當多的人正在擔心。
You'll have to wait a good few weeks. 你將不得不等上相當多個星期。
little 的比較級和最高級是less 和least, 通常只能用與不可數名詞搭配，但在當代英語中也有用less與復數搭配的。例如：
If only there were less holes in the roof. 如果房頂僅是少量洞。
但這只見于非正式主體；在正式主體中仍用fewer較少，為好。
3) some, any
要表示"一些"的意思，可用some, any。 some 是肯定詞（ASSERTIVE WORD〕，常用于肯定句；any是非肯定詞（NONASSERTIVE WORD〕，常用于否定句或疑問句。例如：
There are some letters for me.
There aren't any letters for me.
Are there any letters for me?
I seldom get any sleep these days.
any也常用于條件分句以及帶有否定含義的句子中：
If you have any trouble, please let me know. 如果你有任何麻煩，請讓我知道。
I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零錢。
當說話人期待肯定回答時，some也可用于疑問句, 比如當說話人期待來信時，他可以問道：
Are there some letters for me?
當購物時向售貨員提問或者主人向客人表示款待時，也可在疑問句中用some:
Could I have some of these apples?
Would you like some chocolate cake?
當some與單數可數名詞搭配時, some相當于a certain（"某一"〕的含義；而any與單數可數名詞搭配，則相當于 every（"任何一個"〕的含義。例如：
Some boy has broken a window. 有個男孩打破了窗戶。
Any child could answer that question. 任何一個孩子都可以回答這個問題。
4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any
這一類詞，除every只能作限定詞外，都是既可作限定詞，也可作不定代詞。例如：
all (of) the boys.
both (of) the boys,
every boy / every one of the boys,
each boy / each (one) of the boys,
either boy / either (one) of the (two) boys,
neither boy / neither (one) of the (two) boys,
any boy / any (one) of the (three or more) boys,
由上述諸例可以看出，這一類的限定詞和不定代詞在用法上有以下值得注意之處：
a) 表示"全體"，可用all 和both, 但all表示三個或三個以上人或物的"全體"，而both則表示兩個人或物的"全體"。例如：
All the four applicants are below the average. 所有這四位申請者都在平均數以下。
All these last few days the farmers have been busy fighting drought. 在最后這幾天里，農民曾經忙于抗旱。
Both his parents are against his going there alone. 他的父母兩個人都反對他單獨去那兒。
The man was blind in both eyes. 這人的兩眼都瞎了。
如果要表示"全體都不"的意思，當"全體"為三個或更多的人或物時，通常用none。例如：
None of the students failed the examination. 沒有一個學生考試失敗。
I'll have none of your stupid ideas. 我不能接受你的那些糊涂觀念。
在上述第一例中，既可用none, 也可用no one:
No one failed the examination.
但no one只能指人，不能指物。
如果要表示兩個人或物"都不"，通常要用neither:
Neither student / Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan. 兩輛車沒有一輛產自日本。
b) 表示全體中的"每個"，如果這個"全體"包含三個或更多的人或物，通常用every。例如：
Every student in the class took part in the performance. 這個班的每個學生都是這個表演的一部分。
His every action shows that he is a very determined young man. 他的每個行動都顯示了他是一個堅決的年輕人。
如果這個"全體"包含兩個或兩個以上的人或物，便可以用each。例如：
Each side of the street was crowded with people. 街道的兩邊都擠滿了人。
在這里，不可以用every。如果說"廣場的每一邊都擠滿了人"，那就既可用each, 也可用every:
Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 廣場的邊上擠滿了人。
every 與each 的區別還在于every 指許多人或物中的"每個"，側重在全體，近乎all的含義。例如：
Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 所有的學生都考試失敗。
We want every child to succeed. = We want all the children to succeed. 我們相讓每個孩子都成功。
而each則指許多人或物中"各人"，側重在個別。例如：
Each child will find his own personal road to success. 每個孩子都發現自已的方法成功。
The Queem shook hands with each player in turn after the game. 女王在比賽后與參賽手們輪流握手。
c) 表示全體中的"任何一個"，也要看這個"全體"是包含三個或更多，還是只包含兩個。當"全體"包含三個或三個以上，要表示其中任何一個須用any。例如：
Any (= Every) child would know that. 每個孩子都知道這個。
Ask any man you meet. 你可以問任何一個人。
His gift was unknown to any (of them) except himself. 除了他自已沒有一個人知道他的禮物是什么。
These are all free，take any (of them) you like. 所有都是免費的，拿其中你最喜歡的。
當"全體"只包含兩個時，要表示其中任何一個須用either。例如：
There are two flights for Beijing in the morning. You can take either (one). 只有兩班早晨的飛機去北京，你可選其中一個。
We have two copics left. Keep either (copy) for the file. 我們有兩份考貝剩下，為文件保持其中的一份。
但在on either side, on either end等固定詞組中有時可以兼指兩個。例如：
There are warehouses on either side of the river (= on both sides of the river). 在河的兩邊都有大貨倉。
He got off the train with a bundle on either arm. 他帶著兩大包下火車。
There are stairways at either end of the corridor. 走廊的兩頭都有樓梯。 |
