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動(dòng)詞
1） 表示動(dòng)作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。
2） 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（Notional Verb）、系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb）、助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（Modal Verb）。
說(shuō)明：有些情況下，有些動(dòng)詞是兼類詞，例如：
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會(huì)。 （having是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。
（has是助動(dòng)詞。）
3） 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語(yǔ)，可分為兩類，分別是：及物動(dòng)詞（Transitive Verb）、不及物動(dòng)詞（Intransitive Verb），縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。
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英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是句子的核心。它既決定著句子意思的表達(dá)同時(shí)又決定著句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。難怪有人說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞和介詞的語(yǔ)言。可見研究動(dòng)詞的用法在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中是十分重要的。
(一、) 分清及物不及物:
分清動(dòng)詞的及物不及物是在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問題。動(dòng)詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況：
a．主要用作及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)。可以用于："主＋謂＋賓"；"主＋謂＋雙賓"；"主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
He reached paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
類似的還有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....
b．主要用作不及物的動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)。只能用與："主＋謂"結(jié)構(gòu)。
This is the room where I once lived.
類似的還有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....
c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞，其意義不變。如begin 都是作"開始"講。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞，其意義完全不同。
這類動(dòng)詞作不及物動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)意義；而作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻是另一個(gè)意義。如lift作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是指煙霧的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是"升高；舉起"。
He lifted his glass and drank.
類似的還有：beat vi.跳動(dòng) vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生長(zhǎng) vt. 種植
play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出（氣味） vt. 嗅
ring vi.（電話、鈴）響vt.打電話 speak vi.講話 vt. 說(shuō)（語(yǔ)言）
hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死 operate vi.動(dòng)手術(shù) vt. 操作
(二、) 辨別表動(dòng)作與表結(jié)果的動(dòng)詞
表動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生，不涉及該動(dòng)詞的結(jié)果。如：
He looked at the picture. He saw a picture .
前一句中的動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"看"這一動(dòng)作；而后一句中的動(dòng)詞表示"看到"這一結(jié)果。類似的還有：tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepare for; be prepared for, advise; persuade 等。
(三、) 記住瞬間動(dòng)詞
英語(yǔ)中不少動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在瞬間就可以完成．如：
He arrived in paris yesterday.
而另一些動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作則可以延續(xù)．如：
They worked until 12 o'clock last night.
特別是在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的句子中，瞬間動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)不能跟表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。瞬間動(dòng)詞有：arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, recognize....等。
(四、) 掌握好表狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞與表變化的連系動(dòng)詞
英語(yǔ)中的連系動(dòng)詞主要分為兩大類：
a．表狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞。如：he is a good worker. 除了be 而外，還有：stand(位于),lie(位于),stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own....等。
b．另一類連系動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或變化，是由行為動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的。一般在這些連系動(dòng)詞后跟形容詞作表語(yǔ)如：his hair grows grey. 這類連系動(dòng)詞還有: turn, become, taste, smell, sound, look, feel, get...等。
(五、) 注意詞義相近，用法不同的動(dòng)詞
a．表主觀與客觀的動(dòng)詞
I received his invitation last night, but i didn't want to accept it.
該句中，動(dòng)詞receive, accept 都表示"接受"但前者表示客觀地接收到什么東西；后者表示 "I" 的主觀意愿。類似用法的動(dòng)詞還有：listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to等。
b．表直接與間接的動(dòng)詞
He heard that the scientist would come to our school.
He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.
前句中hear的表示直接聽說(shuō)的，而后一句中hear of 的表示間接聽說(shuō)的。類似用法的動(dòng)詞還有：know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of等。
(六、) 重視多字動(dòng)詞的用法
所謂多字動(dòng)詞是指動(dòng)詞與某些副詞、介詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞詞組。一般有四種形式：
a．"動(dòng)詞+介詞"結(jié)構(gòu)。 該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，當(dāng)和一些介詞搭配后，則把它看成一個(gè)整體，即把它看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。如：
We never thought of such success when we first started.
類似用法的還有：agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...
b．"動(dòng)詞+副詞"結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞的，該結(jié)構(gòu)及物；是不及物的，則不及物。如：
We put off the sports meet.
After he grew up, he went to london to work for a company.
類似用法的還有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about, break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up....
在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，必須注意有的多字動(dòng)詞即及物又可不及物。有的甚至漢語(yǔ)意義也完全不相同。如：
He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起頭看)
He looked up the word in the dictionary. (vt. 查找)
類似的有break down vi.（車等）壞了 vt. 分解，分為 ;
go over vi. 走過去 vt. 復(fù)習(xí)，仔細(xì)查看等。
c．"動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞"結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
We should do away with that sort of thing.
類似的有：give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with....
d．"動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞"結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)是最多，最常見的多字動(dòng)詞。如：
We will take care of them.
類似的有：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in....
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說(shuō)明：同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。）
4） 根據(jù)是否受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制，可分兩類，分別是：限定動(dòng)詞（Finite Verb）、非限定動(dòng)詞（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。（sing受主語(yǔ)she的限制，故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well.
她想學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。（to learn不受主語(yǔ)she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動(dòng)詞。
說(shuō)明：英語(yǔ)中共有三種非限定動(dòng)詞，分別是：動(dòng)詞不定式（Infinitive）、動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）、分詞（Participle）。
5) 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的組成形式，可分為三類，分別是：?jiǎn)巫衷~（One-Word Verb）、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（Phrasal Verb）、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英語(yǔ)里有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。（contains是單字動(dòng)詞。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
學(xué)生們學(xué)會(huì)查字典。（look up是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年輕人應(yīng)照料老人。（take care of是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。）
6）動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形（Original Form）、第三人稱單數(shù)形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過去式（Past Form）、過去分詞（Past Participle）、現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）。
7) 及物動(dòng)詞不需要介詞
在英語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤中，"及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞＋賓語(yǔ)"（transitive verb+preposition+object），是常見的一種。所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（predicative verb），不必通過介詞引薦賓語(yǔ)。相反的，不及物動(dòng)詞（intransitive verb）是不帶賓語(yǔ)的。有許多動(dòng)詞，雖然性質(zhì)是及物的，但不一定要有賓語(yǔ)，如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形：
①a. We study every day.
b. Do you study English every day.
②a. Please write clearly next time.
b. Can you write your composition now?
如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動(dòng)詞，就不會(huì)有賓語(yǔ)；若要賓語(yǔ)，就要借介詞之助，一起連用才行，如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯(cuò)的；
*③a. The children are listening the music.
b. The children are listening to the music.
*④a. She is laughing the crippled man.
b. She is laughing at the crippled man.
反之，及物動(dòng)詞不必靠介詞，就可以帶賓語(yǔ)，如上述的①b和②b ，又如⑤和 ⑥：
⑤ John is giving a book to me.
⑥ Who will answer this question?
如果無(wú)意中把介詞加上，就錯(cuò)了，如：
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子，也犯了同樣的錯(cuò)：
"We have many buyers awaiting for available units here."
"Awaiting"是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞"for"是多余的，要去掉；不然把"awaiting"改為"waiting for"也行。
許多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動(dòng)詞后面，然后才帶出賓語(yǔ)。最常見的是"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about"，如：
⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.
⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.
⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.
顯然的，這三句里的介詞"on/upon"和"about"是多余的，不必要的。
下面是些類似的錯(cuò)誤：
● The young must obey to their elders.
● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.
● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.
● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.
● Do you hope to serve for your nation?
● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介詞"to, on, from, for, with"都要去掉才對(duì)。
為什么會(huì)有這些錯(cuò)誤呢？主因是分不清楚及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)。其次，就是對(duì)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆。解決之道有二。第一，要把"及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)"和"不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞＋賓語(yǔ)"劃分清楚，如：
I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.
He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.
第二，把及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，然后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和賓語(yǔ)，如：
Don't approach such a person.
Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?
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1 系動(dòng)詞
系動(dòng)詞亦稱聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb），作為系動(dòng)詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)（亦稱補(bǔ)語(yǔ)），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。
說(shuō)明：
有些系動(dòng)詞又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí)，有詞義，可單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。（fell是系動(dòng)詞，后跟補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情況。）
He fell off the ladder.
他從梯子上摔下來(lái)。fell是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。
1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份。）
2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
3）表像系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示"看起來(lái)像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來(lái)很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來(lái)很傷心。
4）感官系動(dòng)詞
感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來(lái)很香。
5）變化系動(dòng)詞
這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。
6）終止系動(dòng)詞
表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）
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怎樣區(qū)分半連系動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞多有自己的意思，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須與表語(yǔ)（名詞、形容詞，或與之相當(dāng)?shù)脑~類、短語(yǔ)、從句）一起構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)。最常用的連系動(dòng)詞為be（是）動(dòng)詞，即完全連系動(dòng)詞，另外還有l(wèi)ook，turn，feel，get，become，sound，smell，stand，go，remain等半連系動(dòng)詞。無(wú)論是完全連系動(dòng)詞還是半連系動(dòng)詞、后面都有表語(yǔ)。由于半連系動(dòng)詞是由實(shí)意動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的，那如何分辨該動(dòng)詞為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞還是半連系動(dòng)詞呢？這對(duì)初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的中學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)會(huì)感到有點(diǎn)困難，我在教學(xué)中嘗試用比較法和替換法，使學(xué)生較能接受。
1．比較法
比較下列各組句子
(1) A． Please look at the blackboard．請(qǐng)看黑板。
B． He looked a perfect fool．他看上去是個(gè)十足的傻瓜。
(2) A．Turn to Page 16．翻到 16頁(yè)。
B．He turned traitor to his country．他背叛了祖國(guó)。
A．He felt it his duty to help others．
他認(rèn)為幫助別人是自己的責(zé)任。
B．I felt very hungry after a long walk．
走了一段長(zhǎng)路，我感到很餓。
A.Get me some ink．給我一些墨水。
B．Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger．
我們國(guó)家變得越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大了。
A．Such words do not become a scholar．
那樣的話不像出自學(xué)者之口。
B．Some of the land became covered with water．
一些田地覆蓋著水。
A．This black key on the piano won't sound．
這鋼琴上的黑鍵按下去不響。
B． The story sounds interesting．
這故事聽起來(lái)很有趣。
A.I am sure I smell gas．我肯定聞到了煤氣味。
B．The flowers smell sweet．花朵散發(fā)芳香。
A．He was too weak to stand．他太虛弱，不能站立。
B．Holding the note in his hand，he stood there dumbfounded．他拿著鈔票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。
A．He goes to school early every morning.
他每天早上很早上學(xué)。
B． They went mad．他們發(fā)狂了。
A． I remained 3 weeks in Paris．
我在巴黎逗留了三周。
B．He never remained satisfied with his success．
他從不滿足于自己的成績(jī)。
2．替換法
分析以上10組句子我們不難看出B組斜體動(dòng)詞均為連系動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)槿绻覀儼褎?dòng)詞 be（是）的適當(dāng)形式替代斜體動(dòng)詞，句子能夠成立，后面的成分即是表語(yǔ)。
（1）He was a perfect fool．
（2）He was a traitor to his country.
（3）I was very hungry after a long walk．
（4）Our motherland is stronger and stronger．
（5）Some of the land was covered with water．
（6）The story is interesting．
（7）The flowers are sweet．
（8）Holding the note in his hand，he was there dumbfounded．
（9）They were mad．
（10）He was never satisfied with his success．
反之，如果把 be（是）動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式替代 A組斜體動(dòng)詞，句子則不能成立，無(wú)法解釋，A組動(dòng)詞均不為連系動(dòng)詞：
*（l）Please be at the blackboard．
*（2）Be to Pagel6．
*（3）He was if his duty to help others．
*（4）Be me some ink．
*（5）Such words are not a scholar．
*（6）The black key on the piano won't be．
*（7）I am sure I am gas．
*（8）He was too weak to be．
*（9）He is to school early every morning．
*（10）I was 3 weeks in Paris．
另外半連系動(dòng)詞是由實(shí)意動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的。所以把含有半連系動(dòng)詞的句子改為疑問句時(shí)，一定要用助動(dòng)詞。
例如：1． Do they look tired？
2．Has she got ready？
3．Did it become much more expensive to travel abroad？
不論完全連系動(dòng)詞或半連系動(dòng)詞，它們都有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，但有些半連系動(dòng)詞從形式上看像是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，實(shí)際上并不表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。而是表示"漸漸"的意思或表示一種感情色彩。
（1）It's getting warmer and warmer．
天漸漸暖和起來(lái)了。
（2）Are you feeling better now？
你現(xiàn)在好點(diǎn)了嗎？
因?yàn)榘脒B系動(dòng)詞本屬于不及物動(dòng)詞，所以沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
如不能說(shuō)：* Good medicine is tasted bitter to the mouth．應(yīng)說(shuō)：
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth．良藥苦口。
半連系動(dòng)詞的教學(xué)還是個(gè)較困難的問題，但在初學(xué)階段用先比較，再替換的方法，還是能使學(xué)生掌握哪些實(shí)意動(dòng)詞可充當(dāng)半連系動(dòng)詞，收到事半功倍的效果。
***
2 什么是助動(dòng)詞
1）協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~（Main Verb）。
助動(dòng)詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用，例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語(yǔ)。
（doesn't是助動(dòng)詞，無(wú)詞義；like是主要?jiǎng)釉~，有詞義)
2） 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用，可以用來(lái)：
a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。
b. 表示語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國(guó)。
c. 構(gòu)成疑問句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here? 你來(lái)這兒之前學(xué)過英語(yǔ)嗎？
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
3 助動(dòng)詞be的用法
1） be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越重要。
2) be + 過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語(yǔ)。
3） be + 動(dòng)詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：
a. 表示最近、未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。
說(shuō)明： 這種用法也可以說(shuō)成是一種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來(lái)辦公室。
c. 征求意見，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他？
Who is to go there? 誰(shuí)該去那兒呢？
d. 表示相約、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。
4 助動(dòng)詞have的用法
1）have +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ)，已達(dá)十年之久。
3）have+been +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中國(guó)教英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)多年。
5 助動(dòng)詞do 的用法
1） 構(gòu)成一般疑問句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學(xué)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試嗎？
Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過德語(yǔ)嗎？
2） do + not 構(gòu)成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評(píng)。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語(yǔ)的重要性。
3) 構(gòu)成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說(shuō)明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在動(dòng)詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來(lái)參加我的生日宴會(huì)。
I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。
5） 用于倒裝句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說(shuō)過這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在開始大學(xué)生活時(shí)我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語(yǔ)的重要性。
說(shuō)明： 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代動(dòng)詞，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜歡。（do用作代動(dòng)詞，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何開車，對(duì)吧？
6 助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說(shuō)明：
在過去的語(yǔ)法中，語(yǔ)法學(xué)家說(shuō)shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞，試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來(lái)。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要來(lái)。（will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。）
7 助動(dòng)詞should,would的用法
1）should無(wú)詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來(lái)時(shí)，只用于第一人稱，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周干什么。
比較：
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么？"我問道。（可以說(shuō)，shall變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，變成了should。）
2） would也無(wú)詞義，是will的過去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來(lái)時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱，例如：
He said he would come. 他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。
比較：
"I will go," he said. 他說(shuō)："我要去那兒。"
變成間接引語(yǔ)，就成了：
He said he would come.
原來(lái)的will變成would，go變成了come.。
8 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
動(dòng)詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動(dòng)詞作用的短語(yǔ)叫短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（Phrasal Verb）。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。（turn off是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種：
1） 動(dòng)詞+副詞，如：black out；
2） 動(dòng)詞+介詞，如：look into；
3） 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞（Particle）。
9 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式，動(dòng)名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。
1）不定式
時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）動(dòng)名詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分詞
時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 動(dòng)名詞， not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
動(dòng)名詞
1 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)
1）作主語(yǔ)
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方與北方開戰(zhàn)了。
2）作賓語(yǔ)
a. 動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)名詞doing作賓語(yǔ) V. + doing sth
admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 感激,贊賞 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 認(rèn)為 delay 耽誤 deny 否認(rèn) detest 討厭 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 prevent阻止
fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推遲 practise 訓(xùn)練 recall 回憶 resent 討厭 resist 抵抗 resume 繼續(xù) risk 冒險(xiǎn)
suggest 建議 face 面對(duì) include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 寬恕 keep 繼續(xù)
舉例：
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 詞組后接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to為介詞）
no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist on count on / upon
set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent … from…
3）作表語(yǔ)
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
2 worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都為adj. 意為"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 當(dāng)名詞為金錢時(shí)，表示"…… 值得……"
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 當(dāng)名詞為抽象名詞時(shí)表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.
典型例題
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只適合詞組be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C。
動(dòng)詞不定式
1 不定式作賓語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
舉例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2）動(dòng)詞+不定式 ； 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3） 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
3 不定式主語(yǔ)
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is… to…的句型
(對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法：
用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
5 不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
6 不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
7 不定式作狀語(yǔ)
1）目的狀語(yǔ)
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。
2）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
8 用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：
admit to承認(rèn)， confess to承認(rèn)，
be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于， be used to 習(xí)慣于， stick to 堅(jiān)持， turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
9 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：
3） 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。
注意：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
舉例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。
10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語(yǔ))
改過不嫌晚。
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干嗎不去度假?
14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的
不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的
2） 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。
3） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
動(dòng)名詞與不定式區(qū)別實(shí)例：
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。
2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。 ( 已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
別忘了明天來(lái)。 (to come動(dòng)作未做)
典型例題
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。
3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?
4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 對(duì)要做的事遺憾。 (未做)
regret doing 對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒有辦法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔，因此選D。
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。
cease doing 短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那個(gè)部門已不復(fù)存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。
6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
特殊詞精講
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking.. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"；
be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? (一種想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你幾歲時(shí)開始彈鋼琴？
2) begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我開始生起氣來(lái)。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我開始明白真相。
4) 物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)
It began to melt.
12 感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do
感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
典型例題
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因題意為，他們看著她長(zhǎng)大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過程，而非正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。
一、動(dòng)詞不定式與-ING分詞的區(qū)別
1. 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，-ING分詞表示抽象的、一般性或習(xí)慣性的和連續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，而不定式則表示某次具體動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作
I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
［A］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated
2) News of success keeps in.
［A］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring
3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.
2. 作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，-ING表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用-ING的完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成；不定式表示未來(lái)發(fā)生
4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
［A］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched
5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .
3. 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候，用不定式而不用-ING分詞作賓語(yǔ)
It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
to the job.
4. 在remember,forget等詞后，如果跟-ING分詞，表示-ING分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主要謂語(yǔ)之前；如果跟不定式則表示不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后
I remember telling her that last night. ("告
訴"發(fā)生在"記得"之前) He remembered to tell her that when she
came back. ("記得"發(fā)生在"告訴"之前)
I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主
語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作"忘記"發(fā)生在不定式表
示的動(dòng)作"給帶口信"之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot
giving the message last night. (-ING分詞
表示的動(dòng)作"給帶口信"發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表
示的動(dòng)作"忘記"之前)
5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接動(dòng)詞不定式和-ING分詞所表達(dá)的意義有所不同
They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他動(dòng)作)來(lái)工作］
They stopped working. ［停下工作(來(lái)干其他動(dòng)作)］
Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人繼續(xù)討論這一問題］
Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人們停下來(lái)其他事，繼續(xù)討論這一問題］
He left off writing.［他停下寫作(去干其他事)］
He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)來(lái)寫作］
6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分詞，后跟不定式有兩種情況：一種是used to是固定用法表示"過去經(jīng)常干……"；另外一種情況是use的被動(dòng)詞態(tài)"be used"后跟不定式；后跟-ING分詞的情況有一種，那就是當(dāng)used to中的used是形容詞時(shí)，to后跟名詞或-ING分詞
7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
［A］ get used to
［B］ get to
［C］ get over
［D］ get on with
9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情況下，for后邊跟接there to be,而of后邊則跟接there being
10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been
8. be＋形容詞后面要跟動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分詞與-ED分詞的區(qū)別
雖然在語(yǔ)法功能上，-ED分詞在句子中所能承擔(dān)的成分基本與-ING分詞相同，但在意義上兩者有差別：-ING分詞表示主動(dòng)的意義，而-ED分詞則表示被動(dòng)的意義；-ING分詞表示一般性的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而-ED分詞則表示已經(jīng)完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。在表現(xiàn)形式上，-ING分詞有"一般式"和"完成式"與"主動(dòng)式"和"被動(dòng)式"之分；而-ED分詞只有一種形式。下邊我們分析-ING分詞與-ED分詞在語(yǔ)法功用上的區(qū)別。
1. 作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，-ING分詞表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征而-ED分詞表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have
ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)-ING分詞表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作而-ED分詞則表示主語(yǔ)發(fā)生動(dòng)作的背景或情況 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
［A］ battling both people and objects
［B］ both people and objects were battled
［C］ he was battling both people and objects
［D］ both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
［A］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
［B］ the committee members discussed the problem
［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem
［D］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
［A］ She is noted primarily
［B］ Noted primarily
［C］ Primarily is noted
［D］ She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
［A］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
［B］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written
［D］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，-ING分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而-ED分詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前；②-ING分詞表示它所修飾的詞經(jīng)常或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)，而-ED分詞則沒有時(shí)間性；③-ING分詞表示主動(dòng)，而-ED分詞表示被動(dòng)
15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少數(shù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ED分詞，有兩種形式而且在意義上有差別，如：bear的-ED分詞有born和borne之分，前者只用于"出生"的意義，而后者用于"負(fù)擔(dān)"，"負(fù)荷"，"承擔(dān)"和"傳送"之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分詞也有兩種，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示"懸掛"，后者表示"吊死，絞死"。strike的-ED分詞也有兩種：struck和striken, 前者有"打擊""沖擊""感動(dòng)"等義，而striken只用作形容詞，表示"受折磨"之意。
來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞的-ED分詞所表示的是被動(dòng)意義；來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的-ED分詞則可表示主動(dòng)和完成的意義：fallen leaves (落葉)，a full-blown rose (盛開的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例題解析
1) A為正確答案。(一般性的動(dòng)作。)
2) A為正確答案。(連續(xù)的動(dòng)作。)
3) D錯(cuò)。 改為harvesting(抽象的動(dòng)作)。
4) A為正確答案。(已完成的動(dòng)作。)
5) C錯(cuò)。 改為to be interviewed(將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。
6) C錯(cuò)。改為to kill(不定或未來(lái)動(dòng)作)。
7) D為正確答案。(過去經(jīng)常或總是干……)
8) A為正確答案。(習(xí)慣于……used是形容詞)
9) A錯(cuò)。改為jog。(表示過去經(jīng)常或總是干……)
10) A為正確答案。
11) A為正確答案。
12) B為正確答案。本句是由-ED分詞"noted"引導(dǎo)的-ED結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中說(shuō)明主句謂語(yǔ)的背景。
13) B為正確答案。
14) B為正確答案。-ED分詞"considered"的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為人，除B外的其他選項(xiàng)都無(wú)法和空白前-ED結(jié)構(gòu)在邏輯主語(yǔ)上一致。
15) A錯(cuò)。改為boiling。-ED分詞含有完成和被動(dòng)的意思，-ING分詞則表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行，也可用作前置定語(yǔ)表示性狀、用途。如："boiling water(water which is boiling.)"意思是"開水"，意即"正在開著的水"，而"boiled water(water which has been boiled.)"雖也可譯為"開水"，但表示"已開過了的水(現(xiàn)在可能涼了)。"本句A處應(yīng)改為boiling，"boiling point"意思是"沸點(diǎn)"。
16) B錯(cuò)。改用"writing"，"writing paper"意為"寫字的紙，信紙"，-ING分詞"writing"表用途。與此類似的還有"swimming pool"(游泳池) ，"sleeping car"(臥鋪) 。"written"含有完成和被動(dòng)意味，不合上下文。
17) C錯(cuò)。改為"convincing"。"令人信服的聯(lián)系"應(yīng)為"convincing link"，"convincing"含有主動(dòng)的意味，即"聯(lián)系"(link)本身具有這種性質(zhì)，而"convinced"則含有完成或被動(dòng)的含義， 修飾有生命的名詞 。試比較：a surprising man (使人驚訝的人) ，a surprised man (被驚嚇了的人)
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