Appendix 3 Answer key Chapter 1 Exercise 2 1. Each shareholder’s liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares held by him/her 2. £50,000 3. Form 10; Form 12; Memorandum of Association; Articles of Association 4. The Memorandum and Articles of Association 5. No– a sole director cannot also be the company secretary 6. Certificate of Incorporation Exercise 3 Memorandum of Association (1) Maplink Limited (2) Maplink Limited (3) limited (4) £250,000 (5) DIMITRIS YAVAPRAPAS, THE MANOR, 2 QUEEN ELIZABETH STREET, LONDON, SE1 5NP (6) GISELA WIRTH, 15 ROBIN HOOD WAY, MANSFIELD, NOTTINGHAM, NG2 7CX (7) TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND (8) TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND Form 10 Appendix 3 Answer key 166 Appendix 3 Answer key 167 Appendix 3 Answer key 168 Appendix 3 Answer key 169 Form 12 (1) Maplink Limited (2) Stringwood & Evans, 18 Bond Street, London, W1 1KR; Tel – 020 7538 2892 –DX Number 12432 – DX Exchange London 1 Exercise 4 1. appeal against 2. went against 3. decide against 4. enter into 5. negotiate with 6. act for 1. (c) resolved 4. (c) presented 7. (d) resolutions 2. (b) appointed 5. (b) convened 8. (a) declared 3. (d) registered 6. (b) provided Chapter 2 Exercise 1 Chapter 3 Exercise 2 (1) Notice (3) passing (5) special (2) for the purpose of (4) resolutions (6) appointed Exercise 2 1. Conducting (or holding) a meeting 2. Over 50% of the votes cast 3. This means that each person present at the meeting has one vote, votes being counted on a ‘show of hands’ 4. To avoid the need for directors to travel to attend a meeting in a particular place (which may be particularly inconvenient for instance if some directors are based abroad) 5. For any reason connected with the management of the company. E.g. to consider appointing further directors or to change the name of the company 6. The minimum number required to be present in order for decisions taken at the meeting to be valid Continued Appendix 3 Answer key 170 Exercise 3 (1) noted (5) director (9) show (2) declared (6) chairman (10) closed (3) proposed (7) unanimously (4) ordinary (8) special (7) Travelgraph (9) vote (8) convene (10) member Exercise 4 1. The vote being 100% for or against the resolution 2. Member of a company 3. A situation whereby the number of votes for and against a resolution are exactly the same 4. An additional vote, usually provided to the chairman in the event that there is a deadlock of votes (as referred to in question 3 above). The casting vote is then used to break such a deadlock (but cannot be used to create a deadlock) 5. To arrange / provide notice of a meeting 6. No. (However it is permissible for a company to stipulate in its articles that, in order to qualify to become a director, an individual must own a specified minimum shareholding) 7. 14 days 8. 21 days – because a special resolution (to change the name of the company) is being proposed at the meeting and a special resolution requires 21 days’ notice. (Note however that this notice requirement can be avoided provided at least 95% of the shareholders agree to shorter notice) 9. Any member entitled to vote at the meeting may appoint someone else (who need not be a shareholder) to go along to the meeting and vote on their behalf. The notice calling an extraordinary general meeting (EGM) must make clear that each member has the right to appoint a proxy. (Note that there is a growing trend for notices of company meetings to be provided to members electronically) Exercise 5 (1) in (4) regarding (7) to (2) of (5) by (8) From (3) with (6) from Appendix 3 Answer key 171 Exercise 6 Form 288a (1) 04041969 (2) Kadir (3) Salleh (4) 4 Kensington Palace Gardens (5) London (6) W2 4AJ (7) United Kingdom Form NC 19 (1) Maplink Limited (2) Extraordinary General (delete Annual General / General) (3) 44 Princess Diana Walk, South Kensington, London, W2 3SL (4) 15th day of May 2006 (5) Travelgraph Limited Chapter 4 Exercise 1 1. 10 July 2006 (clause 2.1) 2. three years (clause 2.1) 3. to promote and develop business (clause 3.1.1) 4. £75,000 per annum (clause 4.1) 5. company vehicle (clause 5) and pension scheme (clause 6) 6. yes – there is a restraint of trade clause preventing Kadir Salleh from competing for 12 months (clause 9) 7. English law (clause 10) 8. He does not hold any shares in the company despite being a director. A Bushell v Faith clause would not therefore be of any assistance to him 1. service agreement 2. terms and conditions 3. definitions 4. employment 5. remuneration 6. entitlement 7. confidentiality 8. intellectual property 9. restraint of trade 10. jurisdiction Exercise 2 Appendix 3 Answer key 172 Exercise 3 (1) Section 303 (10) ordinary (19) remove (2) shareholders (11) vote (20) ordinary (3) director (12) representations (21) compensation (4) resolution (13) shareholders (22) breach of contract (5) majority (14) voted (23) notice (6) shares (15) notice (24) removal (7) resolution (16) meeting (25) negotiating (8) shareholding (17) agreement (26) settlement / agreement (9) pass (18) fixed-term Exercise 4 1. shareholders 3. representations 5. ordinary resolution 2. shareholding 4. shareholders’ meeting 6. fixed-term contract Exercise 5 1. another agreement 2. can protect a company’s trade secrets 3. English law 4. a breach of contract claim 5. per s. 303 Companies Act 1985 Chapter 5 Exercise 1 Task 1 1. false 2. true 3. true 4. false Task 2 1. Many ‘high street’ brands – e.g. McDonald’s and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) 2. commission 3. From the ‘mark-up’ between the price paid to the supplier and the sales price to the distributor’s ultimate customer 4. Sharing of risk / cost / knowledge / skills etc. Appendix 3 Answer key 173 Exercise 2 (1) hereby (4) furthermore (7) In addition (2) further (5) hereby (8) during (3) Moreover (6) henceforth (9) within Exercise 3 Task 1 This agreement shall continue in force / for a period of two years save and except that it may / be terminated by either party providing to the other / three calendar months notice in writing. Task 2 In the event that / the Agent fails to achieve a minimum total sales amount of / £750,000 within / twelve months of the commencement of this Agreement / the Principal shall be entitled / to terminate this Agreement / by notifying the Agent in writing accordingly. Exercise 4 (a) Suggested draft: The Principal further agrees to pay a bonus to the Agent amounting to 1% of total net sales in the event that: the agent achieves sales exceeding £1,250,000 within the first year from commencement of this Agreement. (b) At the end of clause 4 entitled ‘REMUNERATION’, possibly adding a further paragraph marked ‘4.2’. Chapter 6 Exercise 2 (1) Travelgraph Limited (4) Solicitor (7) sent to prison (2) Kadir Salleh (5) set aside this order (8) Respondent (3) prohibits you from doing (6) Contempt of Court (9) Worldlink Limited (delete ‘obliges you to do’) Continued Appendix 3 Answer key 174 Exercise 3 1. A situation whereby the law is unclear or has not been drafted with sufficient precision. Such a ‘legal loophole’ can result in the law being interpreted in a way which results in possible evasion of the purpose or protection which the law was intended to provide. 2. This means that the court order or legal document has been drafted to cover every possible eventuality and to prevent the purpose of the order or document being defeated (such as by a ‘legal loophole’ as described above). 3. Jargon means professional or technical terminology used by professionals in that particular field. Legal jargon therefore refers to professional expressions commonly used by lawyers. 4. A member of the public who is not a member of a particular profession. 5. This means failing to comply with some important requirement or condition which has been imposed by a court. In practice this usually relates to being in breach of the terms of a court order. 6. A legally enforceable term (usually contained in a person’s contract of employment or service contract) which prevents a person working for a competitor or competing with a former employer for a specified period of time. 7. This means that assets belonging to the Respondent can be physically taken from the Respondent by order of the Court in the event that the Respondent does not comply with the injunction order. (Including for instance in this case any computer disks or files etc. belonging to Travelgraph Limited.) (10) Worldlink Limited (13) to the Court (16) Name– Stringwood & Evans ; Address – 18 Bond Street, London, W1 1KR ; Tel No – 020 7538 2892 (11) confidential information (14) Order relating to Travelgraph (12) Respondent shall pay (15) Applicant’s the Applicant Exercise 4 1. may 2. must 3. may 4. must / should Exercise 5 1. left 2. joined 3. has worked 4. received / consulted Appendix 3 Answer key 175 Chapter 7 Exercise 1 1. Examples of types of contract include: employment; sale of goods; hire of goods; supply of services; agency; lease 2. Civil law 3. The specific details of what has been agreed between the parties (typically including price, delivery time, quantity of goods purchased and payment details etc.) 4. Implied and express 5. Law established through court decisions (see Appendix 1 for more details) 6. An Act of Parliament (see Appendix 1 for more details) 7. The Claimant 8. There is an implied term in law that goods sold in the course of a business must be of satisfactory quality. I.e. that the goods are of a standard which a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory. (Taking account for instance of matters such as how the goods were described, their price and fitness for all purposes for which goods of that type are commonly used) Exercise 2 1. act on behalf of 4. express term 7. satisfactory proposals 2. contract 5. breach of contract 8. legal proceedings 3. our instructions 6. proposals to compensate Exercise 3 Old-Fashioned Language Equivalent Modern Language aforesaid stated previously aver / plead contend / allege in camera in private in open court in public save that / save insofar except that Plaintiff claimant pleading statement of case prescribed by provided by / indicated by undernoted noted below writ claim form Appendix 3 Answer key 176 Exercise 4 (1) damages (3) Claimant (5) recover (2) contract (4) claims (6) Matrix Printers Limited Exercise 5 The correct words or phrases (i.e. those which should not have been deleted) are as follows (1) Claimant (7) 100 (13) 50 (2) Defendant (8) implied term (14) loss and damage (3) written contract (9) Contract (15) £200,000 (4) 1 August 2007 (10) Claimant (16) pursuant to (5) £45,000 (11) In breach of (17) Claimant (6) express term (12) aforesaid (18) Damages Exercise 6 1. which / that 2. that / which 3. whom 4. who Chapter 8 Exercise 1 1. False – (sentence 1 confirms that the writer will act for Nicholas Tiessen) 2. False – (the writer is a solicitor within the Litigation Department – paragraph 1) 3. True – (explained in paragraph 3) 4. False – (see 1st sentence in paragraph 4) 5. True – (see 2nd sentence in paragraph 4) 6. False – (see 5th paragraph) Exercise 2 Task 1 Compound Simple Form in the event that if at a later date later as a consequence of because Appendix 3 Answer key 177 Task 2 Suggested answer: American courts award higher damages in personal injury cases then English courts. (Please note that the sentence can be re-written in alternative ways which may be equally suitable) Exercise 3 1. Negligent driving caused the accident. 2. A consultant orthopaedic surgeon diagnosed a whiplash injury. 3. A physiotherapist is treating the Claimant. 4. A local garage will assess the extent of damage to the car. Exercise 4 1. am having 2. was driving 3. works 4. landed Exercise 5 Task A 1. Matthew Gluck (1st Defendant) and Londinium Delivery Company Limited (2nd Defendant) 2. Honda 3. 21 September 2007 4. At the junction between Oxford Street and Regent Street 5. Chelsea & Westminster Hospital 6. Computer programmer 7. £4,000 8. £12,000 9. Since the 1st Defendant (Matthew Gluck) was acting in the course of his employment with Londinium Delivery Company Limited when the accident occurred 10. Possible answers include: professional negligence; clinical negligence; an accident in the workplace; a train accident; an aircraft accident etc. until such time as until similar to like at that particular time then prior to before in close proximity to near Appendix 3 Answer key 178 Exercise 6 car accident admissible evidence client’s file legal privilege undisputed facts independent witness Exercise 7 take a statement settle out of court serve particulars of claim settle the case negotiate settlement award damages admit liability Exercise 8 (1) car accident (3) independent witness (5) settlement proposals (2) take a statement (4) award damages (6) negotiate settlement Chapter 9 Exercise 2 Task 2 Examples include: GOOD FACTS BAD FACTS Defendant does not have good eyesight Defendant alleges traffic lights were green in his favour Defendant has been convicted of careless Defendant alleges Claimant was driving too driving fast (this will assist in establishing liability against him in the civil case) Defendant drove into the side of the Defendant alleges Claimant went through a Claimant’s vehicle, which appears red traffic light to support the Claimant’s version of events Task 3 (1) am (3) was driving (5) was coming (2) witnessed (4) was (6) heading Appendix 3 Answer key 179 Continued Chapter 10 Exercise 1 1. Section 94 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 provides / the legal right not to be unfairly dismissed. 2. An employee normally requires one year’s service / to be eligible to claim unfair dismissal. 3. An unfair dismissal claim must be issued / within three months. 4. An unfair dismissal claim is heard at / an Employment Tribunal. 5. An employer should permit an employee to / state his case when considering dismissal. 6. An employer suspecting misconduct should / investigate the circumstances. Exercise 2 1. 16 March 2003 and 26 April 2007 2. Legal cashier 3. Theft of client monies 4. Yes – conduct 5. The fact that he’d turned up for work driving a new Ferrari 6. Having recently won the National Lottery 7. A letter from the organisers of the National Lottery confirming his win 8. Bannerman and Law: failed to conduct a proper investigation prior to dismissing Charles did not give Charles an opportunity to provide an explanation did not hold a disciplinary hearing dismissed Charles in public Overall there was no valid or acceptable reason for the dismissal, which was also procedurally unfair Exercise 3 (1) began (3) working (5) told (2) was employed (4) having (6) given (7) was driving (12) proceeded (17) was holding (8) was travelling (13) began (18) appeared (9) approached (14) caught (19) came (10) could (15) was heading (20) braked (11) were showing (16) could Appendix 3 Answer key 180 Exercise 4 Suggested draft for Section 7 of the Notice of Appearance (Form IT3): 1. The Respondent is a city firm of solicitors with its head-office in London and four overseas offices. The firm has 40 partners and approximately 22 associate solicitors. The Respondent specialises in international corporate and commercial work. 2. On 26 April 2007 the Respondent’s Managing Partner, Henry Moore, became aware that £2 million had been misappropriated from the firm’s client account. It was essential that the source of this theft be ascertained without delay in order to safeguard the firm’s reputation. 3. The Respondent denies that the Applicant was unfairly dismissed as alleged. The aforesaid Henry Moore made a valid managerial decision to dismiss the Applicant based on reasonable suspicion of gross misconduct. It was reasonable for Henry Moore to come to the conclusion that the Applicant had stolen the missing £2 million. The Applicant was ostentatiously displaying wealth, having arrived at work on 26 April 2007 in a new Ferrari motor car. He did not explain to the Respondent that he had won the National Lottery. The Applicant was therefore responsible for his dismissal as a result of his own actions. 4. Convening a disciplinary hearing would have been fruitless in the particular circumstances. The Applicant was therefore summarily dismissed on 26 April 2007. The Respondent had reasonable grounds to believe that the Applicant was guilty of gross misconduct. The Respondent was accordingly entitled to dismiss the Applicant, the dismissal being fair and reasonable in all the circumstances. (7) arrived (11) told (15) dismissed (8) driving (12) arrived (16) contend (9) entering (13) informed (17) denied (10) shouting (14) explained (18) to provide Exercise 5 1. call for the witness 3. take down a statement 2. draw up a court order 4. sue for damages Exercise 6 1. strongly suggest 5. extremely fruitful 9. deliberately mislead 2. extremely generous 6. substantially increase 10. refrain from 3. solemnly declare 7. severely injured 11. dismissed without notice 4. successfully defended 8. totally objective 12. settle out of court Appendix 3 Answer key 181 Exercise 8 (c) aggressive form (‘A’) (d) diplomatic form (‘D’) (e) aggressive form (‘A’) (f) diplomatic form (‘D’) Exercise 11 (Large and small markings above each group of words represent the main and lesser stress patterns, respectively.) de-ci-sion mis-con-duct de-clare pro-ced-ure ad-mis-sion con-si-dered re-pre-sen-ta-tive tri-bu-nal hear-ing al-le-ga-tion con-duct e-vi-dence mis-a-pro-pri-a-tion in-for-ma-tion wrong-do-ing dis-mis-sal in-ves-ti-ga-tion Re-spon-dent fair-ness em-ploy-er Exercise 12 Suggested answers: Task 1 1. Henry Moore said that he had got the Ferrari driving swindler. 2. Scoville was told that he was being dismissed immediately. 3. He read the article in the local newspaper about the firm winning a case. 4. Charles Scoville said that he had been dismissed from his job recently. 5. The solicitor said that she would try to negotiate a settlement for him. Task 2 1. ‘How do you account for the Ferrari in the car-park?’ 2. ‘You are being dismissed so return the office keys immediately.’ Exercise 7 (1) applicant (5) dismissal (9) mitigate (2) Employment Tribunal (6) disciplinary hearing (10) award (3) instructions (7) misconduct (11) damages (4) unfairly dismissed (8) prospects of success (12) settlement – . – – . – – . – . – – . – – . – – – . – – – . – . – – –. – . – .– – – – – – . – – – . – – . – – . – – – – . – – . – . – – . – Appendix 3 Answer key 182 Law bulletin Text 1 – ‘Which route – solicitor or barrister?’ Exercise 1 1. A barrister usually provides representation in court (i.e. is a court advocate). A solicitor is usually the first point of contact for a client and prepares the client’s case, briefing a barrister to actually appear in court on behalf of the client 2. One year 3. Two years 4. Solicitors, since they usually take initial instructions from the client and brief a barrister for specific tasks, particularly to provide advocacy in court on behalf of a client 5. There are various specialist areas including: corporate work; personal injury; mergers and acquisitions; residential and commercial property; employment law; criminal law; company and commercial law 6. Factors such as the areas of work which the barrister’s chambers specializes in and the type of work the barrister is instructed to undertake in the first few years of practice 7. Chambers 8. Over to you on this one! Exercise 2 1. litigation/advocacy 2. barristers 3. billing targets 4. bar vocational 5. legal practice 6. briefed/instructed Text 2 – ‘Having cross words in the courtroom’ Exercise 3 witness statement cross examination High Court open question jury trial examination in chief Exercise 4 1. closing submissions 3. witnesses’ evidence 5. advocacy 2. propositions 4. supports your case 6. cross-examiners 3. ‘You have a meritorious claim for unfair dismissal Mr Scoville.’ 4. ‘Bannerman and Law have treated Mr Scoville reprehensibly and I have no hesitation in declaring that Mr Scoville has been unfairly dismissed.’ 5. ‘I am pleased with the Tribunal’s award of £18,000.’ Appendix 3 Answer key 183 Text 3 – ‘Asian tigers prepare to spring’ Exercise 5 1. finance and corporate 2. Japan 3. China 4. Places such as Myanmar / Laos / Cambodia 5. Foreign direct investment 6. form full partnerships with local lawyers or employ local lawyers Exercise 6 1. fly-in, fly-out basis 3. strategy review 5. downsized 2. booming 4. withdraw 6. on the cards Exercise 7 1. has developed 3. opened 5. showing 2. met 4. closed 6. providing Exercise 8 Task 1 weather the storm / survive a difficult situation on the cards / likely to happen hit rock bottom / to be at the lowest point downsized / reduced hard market to crack / difficult market to enter ear to the ground / monitor events flavour of the month / currently popular Task 2 1. on the grapevine 3. Scot free 5. bury the hatchet 2. raining cats and dogs 4. eager beaver 6. red tape Appendix 3 Answer key 184 Exercise 9 Task 1 1. highest 2. least 3. most 4. fastest Text 4–‘Shopping around’ Task 2 1. bigger 2. more 3. more 4. stronger Exercise 10 1. shopping around 3. to take 5. start 2. dealing 4. bringing 6. suing Exercise 11 1. Furthermore 3. therefore 5. On the other hand 2. To begin with / firstly 4. as a result 6. however 185 Index Acknowledgement of Service 157 acquittal 157 active voice 53–4, 79, 154 Acts of Parliament see statutes addressing the court 96 adverbs 15, 55 advising 50–2 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) Code of Practice on Disciplinary Procedure 123 advocacy 90–101, 132, 133, 135, 158 agency agreement 45, 48–9, 52 agreements, drafting of 47 All England Law Reports (All ER) 153, 154 annual accounts 6, 15 annual general meeting (AGM) 22, 161 appeal hearing 123 apostrophe 20, 54 articles (of company) see Articles of Association Articles of Association 6, 14, 22, 32, 43 articles of incorporation 6 audio-visual conferencing 16 bankruptcy 152 barristers 93–4, 116, 131–3, 158, 159, 161, 163 ‘billing targets’ 132 binding precedent 151 boardroom disputes 32–43 board meetings 6, 16–19, 21 characteristics of 16–17 ‘body language’ see non-verbal communication Boys and Girls Society v MacDonald 123 breach of contract 33, 43, 66–7, 73, 74, 75, 152, 159, 161 remedies for 75 breach of duty 76, 85, 164 brief to counsel 94–5, 96–7, 158 British Home Stores v Burchell 1980 ICR 103, 123 Bushell v Faith clause 32, 43 bylaws 6 case analysis 92 case-law 150, 154, 159 case-plan 119 casting vote 22 causation 74, 76, 85 Certificate of Incorporation 6, 27, 159 citation 154 civil courts 152, 159, 161 civil law 151, 152 Civil Procedure Rules 69 claim form 69, 71, 158, 159, 161, 163, 164 clauses 49, 50 collocations 83–4, 85, 136 list of 87–9 colon 54 combining nouns 19–20 commas 54 commercial law 151 Commission, the (EU) 150 Companies Acts 5, 32, 43 Companies House 6 company chairman 22 change of name 23, 24, 25, 27, 30 characteristics of 5, 14–15 constitution 30 formation of 5–15 law 5, 22, 151 limited 5, 14–15 officers 6 pension scheme 34 private 5 public 5 secretary 6, 75 vehicle 34 comparatives 142 compensation 66, 67, 76, 85, 86, 126, 151, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164 compound nouns 20 conditional sentences 43–4 confidentiality 34, 52, 61 clause 42 conjunctions 44 consideration 74 contingency fees 143, 148, 159 contract law 66, 67, 74–5, 151 contracts 66, 67, 74, 158, 159 contributory negligence 86, 159 convening meetings 30 copyright cases 152, 161 counsel see barristers court of appeal 152 court system, the 152–3 criminal courts 152–3, 162 Index 186 criminal law 151 cross-examination 91, 101, 120, 143, 160 techniques 134–6 damage 74, 80, 85 damages 33, 43, 78, 81, 85–6, 97, 103, 143, 151, 159, 160, 161, 163 aggravated 158 exemplary 160 general 85, 161 in tort 85–6 liquidated 162 mitigation of 162 special 86, 163 unliquidated 164 deadlock 22 decisions 150 defamation 85, 144 disbursements 160 discourse markers see sentence connectors directives 150 direct speech 125, 127 directors 6, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 30, 32, 75, 160 appointment of 23, 24, 25, 27 removal of 32–3, 36–7, 38, 43 directors’ meetings 16, 21 disciplinary hearing 103, 108, 123, 126 discrimination 116, 126 dismissal, acceptable reasons for 125 distribution agreement 46, 53 dividend 15 divorce 145, 152 duty of care 76, 85, 162 electronic sources 153 employer’s liability 85 Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) 126 employment law 102–6, 151 Employment Rights Act (ERA) 1996 102, 103, 123, 125 Employment Tribunal (ET) 102, 103, 104–5, 108, 114, 116–24, 126, 152, 158, 159, 163 decision 122–4 hearing 119–21 English law 150–3 European Community law competition rules 46, 53 European Communities Act 1972 149 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 150, 152 European Union 149 European Union law 149, 151 evidence in chief 134, 160 examination in chief 90–1, 101, 120, 160 expert evidence 97 expert witness 135, 160 extraordinary general meeting (EGM) 22, 23, 30, 161 Form 10 6, 7, 14 Form 12 6, 7, 14 forum non conveniens 143 forum shopping 43–5 franchise agreement 46, 53 full stops 54 gerunds 146 grounds for dismissal 102 Halsbury’s Statutes 153 Hansard 150 headnotes 154 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 85 Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO) 153 High Court 152, 154, 161 House of Lords 152, 153, 154 Human Rights Act 1998 151, 154 hyphenated nouns 19–20 Iceland Frozen Foods v Jones 1983 ICR 124 idioms 141–2 incorporated companies 5, 6 information gathering 50 injunction orders, drafting of 59–60, 61–3 injunctions 59–64, 66, 151, 161 inseparable particles 15 intellectual property 144, 161 inter-personal skills 96 Interpretation Act 1978 150 interpreting legislation 150–1 interviewing 50–2 joint venture agreement 46, 53 land law 151–2 law analysis 154–5 law of tort 76, 151, 152 see also torts Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 86 law reports 153, 154 leading questions 91, 101, 135, 162 legal executives 131 legal privilege 162 legal proceedings 69, 162, 163 legislation 149–51, 164 literal interpretation of 150, 151 letter of advice 36–7 letter of claim 68, 69, 162 limitation period 162 limited liability 5 limited liability companies, characteristics of 14–15 litigation 90, 92, 131, 132, 143, 144–5, 162 loss 74, 80, 86, 103, 126, 163 marketing agreements 45–53 members’ meetings see also shareholders’ meetings Memorandum of Association 6, 7, 14 Index 187 minutes 17–18, 23, 30, 162 preparing 24–5 misrepresentation 85 mitigation 86, 162 modes of address (in court) 96, 101 mortgage cases 152 multi-national companies 16 negligence 76, 80, 85, 97, 162, 164 negotiation 38–42, 43, 114, 163, 164 styles of 116 negotiation feedback form 40, 42 non-leading questions 91, 101 non-verbal communication (NVC) 96 Notice of Appearance 108, 119 notice of meeting 22, 23–4 Opinions 150 Particulars of Claim 69, 72, 74, 75, 79, 80–1, 86 particulars of injury 81 passive voice 53–4, 79, 86, 154 past continuous tense 86–7 past perfect 64, 65, 126 past simple 64, 65, 87, 126 personal injury claims 143, 144, 152 personal liability 14 plain English 60, 69–70, 153, 154 plural nouns 20 poll 22, 162 possessive forms 20 post-meeting documentation 27, 30 post-meeting requirements 26–7 precedents 72, 151, 159, 163 pre-nuptial agreement 145 prepositions 26–7, 30–1 US usage of 31 present continuous tense 86 present perfect 65 private limited company 14 privity of contract 45, 52 pronouns 126 prosecution 151 proxy 24, 163 public limited company 14 punctuation 54 question forms 101 question mark 54 quorum 6, 18, 25, 30, 163 quotations 54 quotation marks 127 ratio decidendi 154 Recommendations 150 Registrar of Companies 6, 15, 27, 159, 163 regulations 149, 159, 161, 164 relative clauses 75 relative pronouns 31, 73, 75 reported speech 124–5, 126–7 research sheet 156 resolutions 16, 19, 22, 30, 163 elective 22 extraordinary 22 ordinary 22, 24, 30, 32, 43 special 22, 24, 30 written 22 restraint of trade 35, 61 restrictive covenants 60 right of appeal 103, 108, 126 rights of audience 116, 132, 163 Sale of Goods Act 1979 66, 97 semi-colon 54 sentence connectors (discourse markers) 146–7 separable particles 15 service agreement 33, 34–5, 61 service contract 30, 43 settlement 40, 43, 163, 164 settling out of court 114 share capital 14, 15, 30 shareholders 5, 6, 14, 15, 21, 22, 30, 32, 163 shareholders’ meetings 16, 21–30, 32, 43, 163 share values 15 shares 5, 6, 14, 15 show of hands 16, 22, 163 simple majority 16, 19, 22, 43 solicitors 93–4, 116, 131–3, 158, 159, 161, 163 standard of proof 163–4 statements of case 69, 72, 92, 158, 161, 162, 164 statement of truth 75 statutes 150, 151, 153, 154, 159, 164 statutory duties 85 stock phrases 69–70 subpoena 164 superlatives 142 Supreme Court 150 Supreme Court Act 1981 73 surrogacy laws 145 terms of agreement express 66, 74 implied 66, 74, 97 terms of engagement 34 terms of settlement 114 third person, the 154 torts 76, 85, 163 see also law of tort treaties 149 tribunals 152, 158, 159 see also Employment Tribunal unanimous agreement 26, 116, 122, 124 unfair dismissal 102–12, 116, 122–4, 125–6 United Kingdom law, sources of 149–53 US competition law 46 verbatim, meaning of 127 verb, auxiliary 101 verbs infinitives 146 modal 64, 65, 79, 86, 127 multi-word 14, 15 phrasal 113 tenses 64, 65, 79, 86, 126, 141 vicarious liability 76, 80, 85, 164 vocabulary building 83, 85, 153 voting 16, 19, 22, 163 rights 15, 22, 30, 32 Weekly Law Reports (WLR) 153 without prejudice proposals 114, 164 witness statements 92, 93, 117–18, 120, 126, 134, 160
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